The term was also used by the German Abwehr to refer to associated Soviet intelligence networks, working in Belgium, France and the low countries, that were built up by Leopold Trepper on behalf of the Main Directorate of State Security (GRU). To date, about 400 members are known by name.
It was a network of groups and individuals, often operating independently. Contrary to legend, the Red Orchestra was neither directed by Soviet communists nor under a single leadership. They aided Jews and resistance to escape the regime, documented the atrocities of the Nazis, and transmitted military intelligence to the Allies. They printed and distributed prohibited leaflets, posters, and stickers, hoping to incite civil disobedience. These included groups of friends who held discussions that were centred on Harro Schulze-Boysen, Adam Kuckhoff and Arvid Harnack in Berlin, alongside many others. It primarily referred to a loose network of resistance groups, connected through personal contacts, uniting hundreds of opponents of the Nazi regime. The Red Orchestra ( German: Die Rote Kapelle, German: ( listen)), as it was known in Germany, was the name given by the Abwehr Section III.F to anti-Nazi resistance workers in August 1941. 2010 sculpture by Achim Kühn, at Schulze-Boysen-Straße 12, in Lichtenberg, Berlin
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